ASSAM OR KAMARUPA
The Ahoms under Sukaphaa founded a kingdom in Assam in the first half of the 13th century. Sukaphaa extended his territory in the West at the cost of Kamarupa (the old name Assam). The Western region was the kingdom of Kamata, known as Kamrup in Persian Chronicles. Suhungmung (1497-1539 AD) who reigned as Suarga Narayan, was the most powerful Ahom ruler. There was rapid Hinduisation of the Ahoms, under the inspiration of the Vaishnavite reformer Shankaradeva. Ahom historical chronicles are known as Buranjis. The kingdom was annexed to the Mughal empire in the 17th century.
ORISSA
The kingdom of Orissa was consolidated by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva who ruled from (1077 to 1150 AD). The kingdom extended from the mouth of the Ganges to the North of the Godavari in the South. Anantavarman was not only a great warrior and a conqueror, but also a patron of religion and Sanskrit and Telugu literature. The famous Jagannatha temple was built by him.
He successfully repelled the Turkish onslaught. After his death, his dynasty began to decline. Around 1434 AD, this dynasty was supplanted by Kapilendra, who founded the Gajapati dynasty. Kapilendra was succeeded by Purushottama Gajapati during whose reign, the kingdom became weak and lost the Southern half of its territory. He was succeeded by his son Prataprudra Gajapati (1497-1540 AD), who was compelled to surrender a part of his territory South of the Godavari to the Vijayanagara ruler.
He had intimate connections with Chaitanya and was a devout Vaishnava. In 1441-42 AD, the Gajapati dynasty was replaced by the Bhoi dynasty, which was founded by Govinda Vijayadhara. Orissa was annexed to Bengal by Sulaiman in 1568 AD.
KASHMIR
A Muslim adventurer from Swat, Shah Mirza had entered into the service of the Hindu prince of Kashmir in 1315 AD. The Hindu prince died shortly afterwards and Shah Mirza seized the throne setting aside the claims of descendants of the Hindu prince and himself assumed the title of the king.
He died in 1349 AD and was succeeded by his four sons, one after another who ruled for a total period of 46 years. After the death of the fourth son Qutb-ud-din (1394 AD), his son Sikandar ascended the throne. Sultan Zainul Abidin (1420-70 AD) was the greatest Muslim ruler of Kashmir. He was highly enlightened, liberal and benevolent, for which he was known as the Akbar of Kashmir. Zainul Abidin abolished Jizya and withdrew Sati.
He abolished cow slaughter. Because of his liberal approach, he was called Badshah i.e. great king. He had translated Mahabharata into Persian. Two famous scholars Johraja and Srivara extended Kalhana’s Rajatarangini to the 15th century under the patronage of Zainul Abidin.
He created Zaina Lanka, the artificial island on the Wular lake. After Zainul Abidin death, their ensued chaos and anarchy under the rule of the nominal kings who ascended the throne. Haidar Shah was a fairly competent ruler, but his successors were incompetent and in 1540 AD, a relative of Babur, Mirza Haidar, conquered Kashmir. Later, Akbar annexed Kashmir into the Mughal empire in 1588 AD