Article 14 – Equality before law and Equal protection of law
The state shall not deny any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
Equality before law
- Adopted from Britian
- Equality before law is a negative concept. It signifies that no one above the law.
- Absence of special privileges in Favour of any person
Equal protection of laws
- This concept is based on section 1 of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the USA adopted on 28th July, 1868.
- Equality of treatment under equal circumference
- Some law for all person who are similarly situated
- The Like should be treated alike without any discrimination
Article 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination
The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on ground only of religious, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
Article 16 – Equality of Opportunity
There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.
No citizen shall on grounds only of religions, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth or residence of them, be ineligible for.
Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of ‘Untouchability’ shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
The Parliament enacted the Untouchability (offences) Act, 1955 and Amended in Act, 1976. It has now been named as The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
Article 18 – Abolition of Titles
It has four provisions
- No title, not being a military or Academic distinction shall be conferred by the State.
- No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign state.
- No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the state, accept without the consent of the President any tile from any foreign state.
- No person holding any office of profit or trust under the state shall, without the consent of the president, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign state.